Carbon-silica Dual Phase Filler, a New Generation Reinforcing Agent for Rubber. Part Vi. Time-temperature Superposition of Dynamic Properties of Carbon-silica Dual Phase Filler-filled Vulcanizates

Dynamic properties such as shear modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor were obtained at low strain amplitude over a wide range of frequency and temperature on vulcanizates filled with carbon black, silica, and carbon-silica dual phase filler. The data were shifted along the frequency scale. It was found that instead of a single smooth master curve, a pseudo-master curve with feather-like structure is obtained. This effect is especially pronounced for the loss factor. Multiple factors may be responsible for this. Among others, filler-filler interaction, or filler networking, and polymer-filler interaction may play a dominant role. The carbon-silica dual phase filler's effect on the vulcanizates' overall dynamic properties is similar to that of silica. Their tan δ values are much lower at lower frequencies, and are relatively higher at high frequency.